Nemesis
“Finally the cataclysm began — the monstrous headache, the enfeebling exhaustion, the severe nausea, the raging fever, the unbearable muscle ache, followed in another forty-eight hours by the paralysis.”
That passage is from Phillip Roth’s novel, “Nemesis” in which he described the onset of Poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio) a disease transmitted by viral infection. Many polio victims experienced muscle weakness, sometimes with permanent paralysis, malformed limbs, and in some cases, death.
The US first reached epidemic levels of polio in the early 1900s, and the scourge terrorized the United States, for half a century.
New Cataclysm
By the time I rolled around, the first polio vaccine (the Salk Vaccine) was pretty well established and the second one (the Sabin vaccine ) was already in distribution. Thus, most of my knowledge of the polio epidemic, came from books, movies, and memories shared by people around me, including my older siblings.
In light of the current viral onslaught, Covid-19 ( or…novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 ) that has wreaked havoc on much of the world, I endeavored to read more about the US polio epidemic.
I was rather surprised by what I found:
- The US polio epidemic peaked in 1952.
- That year, there were 57,879 polio cases.
- There were 3,145 deaths.
- Permanent paralysis is estimated to have occurred in .5% of infections.
I’d assumed that all of the numbers (cases, permanent afflictions and deaths) would be significantly larger. Certainly, they are frightening, but the statistics pale in comparison to what the US is currently experiencing with Covid-19.
As much as it feels like it’s been with us forever, Covid-19 is a relatively new nemesis. The US is in its 10th month of Covid-19 cases.
Here is a statistical snapshot of Covid-19 in the US (as of October 25, 2020):
- The earliest US cases occurred in January of 2020.
- There have been over 8.3 million US cases.
- The current death total exceeds 222,000.
Note: Among Covid-19 patients, who are no longer infected, there have been many reported cases of long-term symptoms, requiring extended hospitalization, physical therapy and other treatments. Though since we are in the early stages of this pandemic, the extent, or duration of these “long Covid” afflictions is not clear.
Witness
I shared some of the figures about polio with my older sister (14 years my senior). As I stated previously, I was surprised by the figures.
She was shocked.
On the phone with her several weeks ago, when I recited some of these statistics, her reaction was: ”Are you fucking kidding me?!?”
This was followed by, ”We weren’t allowed to do jack-shit during the summer! We didn’t have to worry about our government requiring social distancing, our parents made us do that!”
Like many people her age, the specter of polio looms large in her memory. Thus, Covid-19 looms large in her current life. This is not surprising.
State of Denial
Though many people, my sister’s age or older, who can recall the polio epidemic, are dismissive of Covid-19. This is rather surprising to me.
Polio seemed to strike fear into the US, summer after summer. Though statistically, its worst year was way less menacing than Covid-19’s first 9 months.
I realize that there were probably polio-deniers, though it’s impossible to determine the numbers, or the extent of disinformation from that point in history, nearly 70 years in the past.
Likewise, we won’t have a good handle on the extent of Covid19-denial, or disinformation present in 2020. It seems voluminous.
Though I suspect that the level of denial might have been lower for polio than it is for Covid-19. I say this because, in part, because the cause of polio was not known for many years.
And it was persistent, and prevalent, in some areas occurring every summer. While scientists (and seemingly everybody with an internet connection) are still wrestling with details, it is accepted that Covid is a respiratory virus.
(Note: at the time this posts still some tussling among scientists over whether Covid-19 was carried by respiratory droplets, or if it could be carried in aerosols. It seems to be carried by both.)
The Look of Polio
Another reason that I suspect a population of deniers was smaller is that people, knew what polio LOOKED like. There were clear reminders that polio was a real threat.
In the early 1950s memory of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was still fresh with parents and their older children. He was often seen standing behind a podium, but there had been clear, though intermittent, visual evidence that he could not walk without assistance.
(Note: The Roosevelt White House tightly controlled FDR’s public image, thus only a scant few photos or video of the president sitting in a wheelchair, or video of him walking with leg braces were ever circulated…”leaked” is probably more accurate.)
Though people knew of FDR’s physical challenges, regardless of whether they’d ever actually seen evidence.)
Then there were the polio wards. The most-disturbing memories I have (from books, and documentaries) were patients in iron lungs; where victims with paralyzed diaphragms were provided machine-assistance to enable them to breathe.
I remember seeing two different types of wards: some were compact rooms where the iron lungs were stacked like bunk beds, and others were expansive open rooms, with patients occupying iron lungs as far as the eye (or at least a camera view-finder) could see:

Iron Lungs, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital Polio Ward
(Source US Food And Drug Administration)
Many photographic examples were of pediatric wards. The term “infantile paralysis” was a commonly-used synonym for polio; because unlike Covid-19, a large portion of patients who suffered debilitating illness or death were children. Many of the victims were under the age of 5.
I think this is a key difference why some people can be dismissive of Covid-19’s severity. With our current scourge, it’s easier for us to accept that the lives of older people, or with an underlying conditions, are at risk with any kind of respiratory infection.
While the idea of children becoming disabled or dying, is universally unsettling.
We’ve had many potent visual reminders of Covid-19: bodies being loaded onto freezer trucks, exhausted nurses and doctors, families saying their goodbyes to loved ones over Zoom video.
I’m not sure if any have the impact of an incumbent president in a wheelchair, or scores of children, encased in a machine providing them breathing assistance.
Decades from now, what will will be the startling visual reminders of what Covid-19 LOOKED like?
Addendum
In recent years, there have been several medical opinions that President Roosevelt did not actually suffer from polio. Many claim his symptoms were more consistent with Guillan-BarrÁ© syndrome, an autoimmune condition, induced by a bacterial infection.
Though throughout the onset of his illness through his death he was believed to have had polio. This perception helped to accelerate the development of polio vaccine, since FDR was the founder of National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as March of Dimes), which raised hundreds of millions of dollars for the development of the first polio vaccine.
